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What is causing the increase in drug-resistant bacteria in the US?
The rise is mainly driven by bacteria carrying the NDM gene, which produces enzymes that destroy last-resort antibiotics like carbapenems. Increased antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic has also contributed, as overuse and misuse of antibiotics accelerate bacterial resistance. Limited testing and reporting mean the true scale of the problem might be even worse than current data shows.
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What is the NDM gene and how does it make bacteria resistant?
The NDM gene produces an enzyme called New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, which breaks down carbapenem antibiotics. These antibiotics are often used as a last resort when treating serious infections. Bacteria with the NDM gene can survive these drugs, making infections difficult or sometimes impossible to treat with standard antibiotics.
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How has COVID-19 contributed to antibiotic resistance?
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a surge in antibiotic prescriptions to prevent secondary bacterial infections, even when not needed. This overuse has sped up the development of resistant bacteria. Experts like Dr. Jason Burnham warn that the pandemic’s impact on antibiotic use is likely fueling the rise in drug-resistant infections.
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What are 'nightmare bacteria' and why are they dangerous?
‘Nightmare bacteria’ refer to highly resistant strains like those carrying the NDM gene. They resist most antibiotics, including last-resort options, making infections very hard to treat. These bacteria can spread in hospitals and communities, posing serious health risks and increasing the chance of untreatable infections.
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What can be done to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria?
Preventing the spread involves responsible antibiotic use, improved infection control in healthcare settings, and better surveillance. Public health efforts focus on educating about proper antibiotic use, reducing unnecessary prescriptions, and increasing testing to identify carriers early. Personal hygiene and safe practices also help limit transmission.
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Are there new treatments for infections caused by resistant bacteria?
Currently, treatment options are limited, with only a few antibiotics effective against bacteria with the NDM gene. Researchers are working on developing new drugs and combination therapies, but these are still in progress. The best approach remains prevention and controlling the spread of resistant bacteria.