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What is alpha-gal syndrome?
Alpha-gal syndrome is an allergic reaction to a sugar molecule called alpha-gal, found in red meat like beef, pork, and lamb. It is caused by bites from certain ticks, especially the Lone Star tick, which can transfer the allergen into your bloodstream. Once you develop this allergy, eating red meat can trigger symptoms ranging from mild hives to life-threatening reactions.
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How do tick bites cause meat allergies?
When a tick bites a person, it can introduce alpha-gal into their body. For some individuals, this triggers their immune system to produce antibodies against alpha-gal. Later, when they eat red meat containing the same molecule, their immune system reacts strongly, causing allergic symptoms. The delay between eating meat and experiencing symptoms can be several hours, making it tricky to diagnose.
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What are the symptoms of alpha-gal allergy?
Symptoms typically include hives, swelling, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, it can cause anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms usually appear several hours after consuming red meat, which can make it hard to connect the allergy to the food.
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Can alpha-gal syndrome be deadly?
Yes, in rare cases, alpha-gal syndrome can cause fatal allergic reactions. The first known death from this condition was reported in 2024, involving a healthy airline pilot who had a severe reaction after eating meat. While most people manage the allergy with avoidance, severe reactions can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
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How common is alpha-gal syndrome?
Since it was first identified in 2011, over 100,000 Americans have been diagnosed with alpha-gal syndrome. The prevalence is increasing, partly due to climate change and expanding tick populations. Awareness among healthcare providers is growing, but many people remain unaware of the condition.
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How can I protect myself from tick bites?
To reduce your risk, avoid tall grass and wooded areas where ticks are common, wear long sleeves and pants, use insect repellent, and check your body for ticks after outdoor activities. Removing ticks promptly and properly can help prevent the transfer of alpha-gal and other tick-borne illnesses.