Central nervous system stimulant, the world's most consumed psychoactive drug
A new analysis from the American Heart Association finds that most adults can safely consume up to five 8‑ounce cups of black caffeinated coffee daily. This level may lower risks of stroke, heart failure and heart disease, while higher doses—especially from energy drinks—pose cardiovascular risks. Effects vary by individual.
A study with 23 healthy men shows that sniffing dark chocolate (90% cocoa) before and during leg extensions increases repetitions by about 18, and sniffing milk chocolate (60% cocoa) increases by about 9, without raising perceived effort. Dark chocolate may cue fullness; milk chocolate offers a more pleasant scent.
The government has introduced a plan to ban the sale of energy drinks containing more than 150mg of caffeine per litre to under‑16s in England, with enforcement by local authorities and fines of up to £2,500 for retailers. The move aims to curb health risks and improve children’s wellbeing, following a public consultation that received broad support.