The naval arm of Russia’s armed forces, evolving since 1696; current form since 1992
Western officials say Moscow’s surface fleet remains stretched as it steps up escort duties for the shadow fleet, moving oil and evading sanctions. NATO reports show ships are being boarded for intelligence, while submarines remain a strategic asset. Tensions near European waters are rising as live-fire drills and shadow-escort operations draw closer to allied forces.
European nations and the UK are intensifying efforts to disrupt Russia’s shadow fleet, with new EU sanctions allowing the sale of seized Russian oil cargoes. Putin warns that seizures amount to piracy and promises a response, while Western and Russian officials describe a growing maritime confrontation surrounding sanctioned oil shipments.
The Pacific Fleet has fired Bastion coastal missiles from Etorofu, simulating an attack on enemy ships at about 300km. A submarine and a guided-missile cruiser took part, with exercises running from 4 August to 29 August and prompting protests from Japan over regional territorial disputes.