The Red Planet: desert world, CO₂ atmosphere, water ice, and a third of Earth's gravity
Astronomers have detected helium escaping from LHS 1140b, a rocky 'super-Earth' 48 light-years away that orbits in its star's habitable zone. The finding has confirmed an atmosphere around a habitable-zone rocky exoplanet for the first time and has been published in Science; teams used ground-based infrared spectroscopy and modelling.
India’s Skyroot Aerospace has successfully placed payloads into orbit with Vikram-1, marking the first privately developed Indian rocket to reach orbit. The mission validates propulsion, avionics, and control systems and signals a push to grow India’s private space sector. The launch signals a new era for small-satellite launches and cab-service style access to space.
SpaceX’s Starship 13th flight has deployed Starlink satellites and tested heat-shield upgrades. The test landed in the Indian Ocean with an intact booster and a taller test profile. Analysts discuss remaining heat-shield challenges for rapid reuse and cost reduction, with NASA eyeing Artemis and lunar missions.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 upper stage has struck the Moon near Einstein Crater at about 5,400 mph, carving a new crater and launching a dust plume. South Korea’s Danuri orbiter has photographed the site and released images. NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter is scheduled to image the impact next week while scientists begin analysing ejecta and crater formation.
A total solar eclipse has swept from the Arctic through Greenland and Iceland to parts of Spain and a sliver of Portugal, while much of western Europe has seen a deep partial eclipse. Crowds and tourists have flocked to the path of totality, scientific teams have livestreamed observations, and Spain has reported heavy visitor numbers and local economic benefits.
SpaceX has posted a 7.8 billion revenue for Q2, but a net loss of hundreds of millions as it continues heavy investment in AI, Starship, and Starlink. The company faces pressure from a looming post-IPO lock-up expiry and ongoing investor scrutiny of its high cash burn and ambitious plans.
SpaceX has released its first quarterly earnings since going public. Revenue has grown, but AI-related capex has surged, raising questions about sustainability as the stock price remains volatile. Investors warn that rapid spending could outpace revenue growth, while Starlink and data centres continue to drive cash flow.
A 1991 Mars Bar found by a UK cleaner has reignited calls about shrinkflation, with comparisons showing substantial size reductions over the years. Retailers face scrutiny as online posts highlight weight differences while prices rise, fueling debates across quick-service and snack markets.
VinSpace has signed a contract with SpaceX to send its first satellites into orbit on a Transporter rideshare mission in 2027. The Hanoi-based company, part of Vietnam’s Vingroup, plans to develop and operate its satellites to test technology and support future commercial space services. The agreement aligns with Vietnam’s push to become a mid-level space power by 2030.
SpaceX has pledged $100 billion to build a 125,000‑acre Starbase in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, that it says will support thousands of Starship launches a year, add about 3,000 direct jobs and include propellant production, power generation and deep‑water shipping. Construction is scheduled to start in 2027; SpaceX targets initial launches by 2029 while state officials give a 2030 timeline.
SpaceX has announced a $100 billion plan to develop a 125,000-acre Starbase Louisiana on Pecan Island, expanding beyond Texas and Florida. The site will host methane production, power generation, deep-water shipping, vehicle processing, and potentially an on-site airport. Construction starts next year, with the first launch expected in 2029, creating more than 3,000 jobs.
President Trump has signed an executive order to begin creating a U.S. Space Academy to train astronauts, engineers and civil operators for NASA, the U.S. Space Force and the civilian spaceflight industry. A presidential commission chaired by NASA administrator Jared Isaacman will deliver proposals within 120 days; the academy’s location and funding remain undecided.
Skywatchers have been treated to a string of September conjunctions and phases: Venus has paired with Spica, the Moon has aligned with the Pleiades, Mars and Jupiter, and a partial lunar eclipse has produced reddish tones across wide regions. Through October and November, the Pleiades, the Orionid and Leonid meteor showers, a planetary parade on 14 November and the Beaver supermoon on 24 November will provide more viewing opportunities.
Archaeologists uncover a mastaba at Saqqara dating to Egypt’s Fifth Dynasty, built for Yunmen, a high-ranking official, and his father Ity. The site includes two chapels, painted reliefs, and a false door, with colors well-preserved after more than 4,000 years. The find supports ongoing efforts to boost Egypt’s tourism through new discoveries.
SpaceX has flown Starship into low‑Earth orbit for the first time during its 14th test flight from Starbase, Texas, and has deployed 26 Starlink V3 satellites. The Super Heavy booster has returned to the Gulf of Mexico; the upper stage has completed multiple orbits before a planned reentry and splashdown west of Chile during a roughly 10‑hour mission on Monday.
SpaceX has launched a four‑person Crew‑13 to the International Space Station and the team has reached orbit after an eight‑hour express transit, a US speed record. Commander Jessica Watkins has become the first Black woman to lead a crew to orbit. The flight includes Canadian astronaut Joshua Kutryk, whose wife is due to give birth during the six‑month mission.
Margaret Hamilton has died at 90. The MIT computer scientist has led development of the onboard flight software for NASA's Apollo program, coined the phrase "software engineering," and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. Her daughter has confirmed she died on 30 September in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
NASA and international partners have updated plans for a Venus exploration push. DAVINCI is set for December 2030 and VERITAS for November 2032, with ESA’s Envision joining the effort in 2032. Rocket Lab may launch an organic probe to Venus clouds as soon as late 2027, signaling a growing Venus program amid funding pressures on Mars- and Earth-focused missions.
Japan is launching MMX, the first mission to bring back samples from Phobos, Mars’ inner moon, to study its origin and evaluate its potential as a future site for human exploration. The five-year mission includes a Danish-French rover and NASA instruments; Phobos samples will form the core data, with Deimos observations planned.
Five space agencies have launched a five-year mission to land a robotic prospector and a rover on Phobos, Mars’ larger moon. MMX aims to retrieve samples by 2031, with Idefix the rover leading surface exploration and a lander gathering material in 2028-2029.